The winter draws near and with it the darkest time of the year. Already in the early evening the WinterâŻHexagon sparkles in the sky and invites you to observe. In the coming three months there is much to discover in the heavens: from the Geminids without disturbing moonâlight to the bright Jupiter and even a small planetary parade in February. Our new astroâhighlights guide you through this time: month by month, star by star.
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December
4âŻDec. Moon meets the Pleiades
In the early morning hours the nearly full Moon passes through the constellation Taurus and encounters the Pleiades, one of the most beautiful open star clusters of the winter sky. In binoculars the close encounter appears particularly impressive. Even with the bare eye you recognize the group as a small, sparkling starânest next to the Moon. Around 4âŻa.m. the constellation stands high in the sky and offers a moodâfilled start to the winter observations.
7âŻDec. Mercury at greatest western elongation
Shortly before sunrise the otherwise shy Mercury shows itself. At the beginning of December it reaches its greatest western elongation, i.e., the largest separation from the Sun, and thus stands particularly favorably in the morning sky. From about 6:30âŻa.m. you spot it deep above the southâeastern horizon, as a small, bright point in the first light of dawn. A clear horizon view is essential, because the time window is short before the Sun outshines it. For early risers the view pays off: Mercury appears as distinctly as hardly any other time of the year.
14âŻDec. Maximum of the Geminids
On the night from 13 to 14 December you have, with a bit of weather luck, the chance to admire the most famous winter meteors. This active meteor stream reaches its maximum, and the conditions this year are almost perfect: the Moon hardly disturbs, the sky remains deep dark for most of the time. From midnight the radiant rises high in the sky, and the activity increases once again. Under good conditions you could theoretically count up toâŻ80 meteors per hour. In practice there will be fewer, yet every bright meteor is a moment, right?
21âŻDec. Start of winter
Here it is: Winter begins, and at 16:00 the Sun descends as deeply as it never does all year. The day bids farewell early and the night stretches across the remaining hours. For many stargazers this is the finest time of the year: Long nights invite you to set up the telescope after work. From now on the light also returns slowlyâŻâ barely noticeable, yet a little more each day.
22âŻDec. Ursids
Hardly are the Geminids over, the next meteor stream is already on deck. On the night from 22 to 23 December the Ursids reach their maximum. This is a small but fine meteor stream, appearing to come from the constellation Ursa Minor. With about ten meteors per hour it offers no spectacle, but rather a modest finale. In this year no moonlight disturbs, and in the long winter nights you can take your time.
31âŻDec. Moon meets the Pleiades
Late in the afternoon dusk sets in, and you discover the bright Moon exactly above the eastern horizon. If the sky is clear, the two bright stars Aldebaran and Capella appear close by. Next to the Moon, at aboutâŻ1.5âŻdegrees distance, you recognise the Pleiades. In comparison to the Moon they appear almost delicate. By the way: If you raise a glass at midnight, above you shines the bright Jupiter, which reaches opposition in January.
January
3âŻJan. Quadrantids
Hardly has the new year begun, meteors again streak across the sky. On the night from 3 to 4 January the Quadrantids reach their maximum. Their radiant lies in the modest constellation Boötes, near the star Arcturus, and only rises higher after midnight.
3âŻJan. Moon meets Jupiter
Right after the meteor shower another spectacle shows: On the night from 3 to 4 January the Moon passes near the planet Jupiter. Around 10âŻp.m. the two celestial bodies stand about three degrees apart. You notice that with the bare eye.
6âŻJan. Moon meets Regulus
Late in the evening the waning Moon traverses the constellation Leo and encounters Regulus, the constellationâs brightest star. A starâoccultation by the Moon even takes place, which you cannot follow because Regulus still lies below the horizon at that moment. In binoculars the two bodies later appear splendidly.
10âŻJan. Jupiter at opposition
Today Jupiter stands in opposition to the Sun. Now it lies closest to Earth and is visible all night long. Once the Sun sets, Jupiter ascends in the east and reaches its highest point in the south around midnight. With a brightness of aboutâŻâ2.7âŻmag it outshines every constellation and dominates the winter sky. Even in binoculars you recognise its four Galilean moons as tiny points of light shifting night by night. In a telescope you see its cloudâcovered atmosphere with its typical belts â and perhaps the âGreat Red Spotâ if it happens to be visible.
23âŻJan. Moon meets Saturn
In the early evening the crescent Moon passes by Saturn â a beautiful sight during dusk. AroundâŻ6âŻp.m. the two stand in the southwest, about five degrees apart. The ring planet shines as a yellowish point, while the Moon hovers directly above. With binoculars you see both comfortably in the same field of view, and in a telescope the fine rings of Saturn already show at modest magnification. For many this is the last good chance to observe the planet before it sinks deeper into the dusk in February.
27âŻJan. Moon meets the Pleiades
On this night the Moon again passes the Pleiades and comes especially close to the cluster. AroundâŻ10âŻp.m. both stand in the constellation Taurus, only a few arcâminutes apart. At aboutâŻ10:35âŻCET the Moon even occults the 4.3âŻmag bright star 19âŻTau with its dark side. Tip: Times and whether an occultation occurs depend on location in Europe. Even with the bare eye you easily notice the MoonâPleiades approach if the sky is clear. A familiar sight for many amateur astronomersâŻâ yet still fascinating.
30âŻJan. Moon meets Jupiter
At monthâs end two of the most noticeable objects in the sky meet: the bright Moon and Jupiter. Late in the evening they stand together in the constellation Gemini and catch the eye effortlessly. Not far away the stars Castor and Pollux glitter and frame the scene.
February
3âŻFeb. Moon meets Regulus
On this evening the Moon again traverses the constellation Leo and passes Regulus at exceptionally close distance. Only at aboutâŻ5âŻa.m. the closest approach at approximately ten arcâminutes occurs. That is extremely close and thus definitely worth looking.
7âŻFeb. Moon meets Spica
In the second half of the night (i.e., the night of 6/7 February) the waning Moon meets the bright main star of the constellation Virgo: Spica. Shortly before sunrise both stand deep above the southâeastern horizon, only somewhat more than two degrees apart.
11âŻFeb. Moon meets Antares
Before dawn the Moon crosses the constellation Scorpius and approaches the reddish glowing Antares. Around fourâŻa.m. both appear above the southâeastern horizon. AntaresâŻâ a red superâgiant and the heart of the Scorpion.
18âŻFeb. Moon meets Mercury and Venus
On 18âŻFebruary the Moon approaches the two planets Mercury and Venus, which stand in the evening dusk directly above the western horizon. This evening proves special, because the already delicate young lunar crescent is only 1.5âŻ% illuminated, for the new Moon occurred just yesterday. That creates a beautiful moodâportrait.
19âŻFeb. Moon meets Mercury and Saturn
A lovely trio shows up in the early evening deep above the western horizon. The young Moon stands in the dusk snugly between Mercury and Saturn. Both planets remain hard to catch, because the dusk dominates. Yet if you start observing early you also discover Venus right over the horizon.
27âŻFeb. Moon meets Jupiter
Toward monthâs end the Moon and Jupiter meet again, this time high in the constellation Gemini. Already in the early evening both are unmistakable: the two brightest objects of the sky close together.
28âŻFeb. Small planetary parade
As a finale you face a rare spectacle. Shortly after sunset several planets line up along the ecliptic. Mercury and Venus very low in the west, a little higher Saturn and invisible beside it Neptune. High in Gemini shines Jupiter and in Taurus the faint Uranus. You see: everything present here, yet the parade demands effort: Some planets stand low and fade quickly in the dusk. If you bring patience and pick a spot with perfect horizon view, then you may discover several planets with binoculars.